Universal Humanities Journal (UHUM), the Indonesian Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences, is an open-access and peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Journal & Publication Development Center, Ummah Aminah Alibdhamaal Foundation, Indonesia. UHUM publishes high-quality scholarly works that address contemporary issues in the fields of humanities and applied social sciences through interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches. The journal covers a wide range of academic disciplines, including humanities, social sciences, education, law, economics, business and management, public policy, cultural and religious studies, linguistics, philosophy, information technology, and community development. UHUM is published biannually, in January and July, and serves as an academic forum for researchers, academics, educators, practitioners, and policymakers to disseminate original research articles, conceptual papers, and case studies. All submitted manuscripts undergo a rigorous and objective peer-review process to ensure academic quality, originality, and ethical integrity. 3 days Submission to First Decision 13 days Submission to Accept 23% Acceptance Rate (Last Year)
Tinjauan Yuridis Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023
Objective: This study aims to analyze corporate criminal liability under Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Code, particularly the juridical formulation of Article 45 which recognizes corporations as subjects of criminal law. Method: This research employs normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials were collected through literature study and analyzed qualitatively using descriptive-analytical methods. Results: The study finds that Article 45 of Law Number 1 of 2023 explicitly recognizes corporations as criminal law subjects that can be held liable for criminal offenses committed for and/or on behalf of the corporation. The provision establishes a legal framework for corporate criminal liability by regulating the requirements for liability, parties who may be held accountable, and the scope of criminal sanctions imposed on corporations. The formulation reflects the adoption of modern doctrines of corporate criminal liability, including identification theory, vicarious liability, and corporate culture approaches. The application of these provisions is evident in corporate crime cases such as PT Duta Palma Group, where corporations are treated as entities capable of bearing criminal responsibility. Conclusion: The regulation of corporate criminal liability under Article 45 represents a significant reform in Indonesian criminal law by providing legal certainty regarding the status of corporations as criminal law subjects. The provision strengthens the effectiveness of law enforcement against corporate crime while promoting justice, legal certainty, and protection of public interests.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sofia Arisanta Br Tarigan, Suci Ramadani, Sumarno Sumarno (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Perkembangan Konsep Tujuan Pemidanaan dalam Hukum Pidana Indonesia Pasca Berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023
Berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) menandai perubahan mendasar dalam sistem pemidanaan di Indonesia. Jika KUHP lama lebih berorientasi pada pembalasan (retributive) dan pemberian efek jera kepada pelaku, KUHP baru mengadopsi pendekatan yang lebih humanis dengan mengintegrasikan aspek perlindungan masyarakat, rehabilitasi pelaku, dan pemulihan keseimbangan sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perkembangan konsep tujuan pemidanaan dalam hukum pidana Indonesia pasca berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 serta mengkaji implikasinya terhadap sistem peradilan pidana nasional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Data yang digunakan berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pasal 51 KUHP secara eksplisit merumuskan tujuan pemidanaan yang meliputi pencegahan tindak pidana, pembinaan dan pemasyarakatan terpidana, penyelesaian konflik melalui pemulihan keseimbangan antara pelaku, korban, dan masyarakat, serta penumbuhan rasa penyesalan pada diri pelaku. Perumusan tersebut menunjukkan pergeseran paradigma dari orientasi pembalasan menuju pendekatan integratif yang menggabungkan tujuan retributif, preventif, rehabilitatif, dan restoratif. Perkembangan ini mencerminkan upaya pembaruan hukum pidana nasional yang lebih humanis, berkeadilan, dan selaras dengan nilai-nilai Pancasila serta perkembangan hukum pidana modern. Konsep tujuan pemidanaan dalam KUHP baru diharapkan mampu mewujudkan sistem peradilan pidana yang tidak hanya menitikberatkan pada penghukuman, tetapi juga pada pemulihan dan reintegrasi sosial.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sofia Arisanta Br Tarigan, Abdul Rahman Maulana Siregar, Ismaidar Ismaidar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi dalam Sistem Hukum Pidana Indonesia: Analisis Yuridis terhadap Pengaturan dan Penegakannya
Objective: This study aims to analyze the legal basis for recognizing corporations as subjects of criminal liability within the Indonesian legal system, examine the theories underlying corporate criminal liability, and identify the challenges encountered in the enforcement of criminal law against corporations. Method: This research employs a normative legal research method using both statutory and conceptual approaches. The legal materials consist of primary legal sources, including legislation governing corporate criminal liability, and secondary legal sources, such as books, scholarly journals, and relevant research findings. The data were analyzed qualitatively using a descriptive-analytical method. Results: The findings reveal that corporations have been formally recognized as subjects of criminal law within the Indonesian legal system, as stipulated in Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code and various sector-specific regulations. Corporate criminal liability is constructed through the application of identification theory, strict liability theory, and the concept of corporate culture. In practice, however, law enforcement against corporations continues to face several challenges, including the complexity of proving the element of fault, multilayered organizational structures, limited institutional capacity among law enforcement authorities, and a tendency to focus criminal prosecution on corporate executives rather than on the corporation as a legal entity. Conclusion: The regulation of corporate criminal liability plays a crucial role in promoting justice and enhancing the effectiveness of law enforcement in addressing corporate crime. Nevertheless, optimizing its implementation requires strengthening evidentiary mechanisms, improving the capacity of law enforcement agencies, and developing legal approaches that are more responsive to the characteristics of modern corporate crime.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sumarno Sumarno, Suci Ramadani, Medi Islamta Sembiring, Jhoni Muda Pratama Barus, Muhammad Harimanka S Harahap (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analisis Dinamika, Dampak, dan Strategi Penanggulangan Terorisme di Era Modern
Latar Belakang: Terorisme merupakan salah satu bentuk kejahatan luar biasa yang terus berkembang seiring dengan kemajuan globalisasi dan digitalisasi. Perubahan pola aksi terorisme ditandai dengan munculnya pelaku individu (lone wolf), jaringan transnasional, serta pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dan media sosial sebagai sarana penyebaran ideologi radikal. Kondisi ini menimbulkan berbagai ancaman terhadap keamanan, stabilitas sosial, ekonomi, dan politik suatu negara. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika terorisme di era modern, mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi munculnya aksi terorisme, mengkaji dampak yang ditimbulkan, serta mengevaluasi strategi yang efektif dalam pencegahan dan penanggulangan terorisme. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan (library research). Data diperoleh dari berbagai sumber literatur, seperti buku, jurnal ilmiah, laporan resmi, peraturan perundang-undangan, dan dokumen terkait terorisme. Data dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis isi (content analysis) untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang komprehensif mengenai fenomena terorisme dan strategi penanggulangannya. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terorisme modern memiliki karakteristik transnasional, berbasis ideologi, serta memanfaatkan perkembangan teknologi digital untuk proses propaganda dan rekrutmen. Faktor penyebab terorisme meliputi aspek ideologis, sosial-ekonomi, politik, dan psikologis yang saling berkaitan. Dampak terorisme tidak hanya mengancam keamanan dan keselamatan masyarakat, tetapi juga menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi, trauma psikologis, polarisasi sosial, serta gangguan terhadap stabilitas politik. Strategi penanggulangan yang efektif memerlukan pendekatan komprehensif melalui penegakan hukum, penguatan intelijen, deradikalisasi, kontra-narasi di media digital, pemberdayaan ekonomi, serta pelibatan tokoh agama dan masyarakat. Kesimpulan: Terorisme merupakan ancaman multidimensional yang membutuhkan penanganan secara holistik dan berkelanjutan. Upaya penanggulangan tidak cukup hanya mengandalkan pendekatan keamanan, tetapi juga harus didukung oleh strategi preventif yang melibatkan pemerintah, aparat penegak hukum, lembaga pendidikan, tokoh agama, dan masyarakat untuk mencegah penyebaran paham radikal dan memperkuat ketahanan sosial.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suci Ramadani, Sumarno Sumarno, Medi Islamta Sembiring, Jhoni Muda Pratama Barus, Muhammad Harimanka S Harahap (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Influence of Digital Media and Technology on Public Participation in Sports: A Sports Sociology Perspective
Objective: This study aims to analyze the influence of digital media and technology on public participation in sports from a sports sociology perspective. The research explores how digital platforms contribute to the transformation of sports participation and shape contemporary sports culture in society. Method: This study employed a qualitative approach using a literature review method. Data were collected from various academic sources, including scientific journals, books, and official reports related to sports sociology, digital technology, and media studies. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key patterns and themes concerning the role of media and technology in sports participation. Results: The findings indicate that digital media and technology significantly contribute to increasing public participation in sports by improving access to sports information, enhancing motivation through fitness applications, and facilitating social interaction through online communities. Social media platforms encourage greater engagement in physical activities by providing inspiration, support, and opportunities for community building. Furthermore, technological developments have generated new forms of participation, including virtual fitness activities and digital sports communities. However, challenges such as technology dependence and unequal digital access remain important issues that may affect participation levels. Conclusion: Digital media and technology play a strategic role in promoting public participation in sports and transforming sports culture in the digital era. Their ability to increase accessibility, motivation, and social connectivity has contributed to broader engagement in sports activities. Nevertheless, efforts to maximize these benefits should be accompanied by inclusive policies and responsible technology utilization to minimize the risks associated with digital inequality and technological dependence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadia Ayu Safitri, Rahmad Lubis, Imam Permana, M. Irfansyah Siregar, Yan Indra Siregar, Putra Arima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Increasing Public Awareness of Physical Exercise for Health Improvement: A Descriptive Qualitative Study
Overview: Physical exercise plays an important role in maintaining and improving public health. However, public awareness and participation in regular physical exercise remain relatively low, particularly due to lifestyle changes, limited understanding of exercise benefits, and competing daily activities. Increasing public awareness of physical exercise is essential to promote healthier lifestyles and improve overall community well-being. Method: This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach using literature review and document analysis techniques. Relevant literature, government regulations, previous research findings, and theoretical perspectives related to public awareness of physical exercise were analyzed to identify effective strategies for increasing community participation in sports and physical activities. Result: The findings indicate that increasing public awareness of physical exercise can be achieved through several strategies, including coercive strategies (pressure strategies), normative strategies (participation, education, and training strategies), benefit strategies, and placement strategies. Government support through sports policies, the provision of facilities and infrastructure, educational programs, and community involvement also contribute significantly to the development of an active and healthy lifestyle. Furthermore, individuals who regularly engage in physical exercise tend to experience better physical fitness, reduced disease risk, improved mental health, and stronger social relationships. Conclusion: Public awareness of physical exercise is a crucial factor in improving community health and quality of life. Sustainable educational efforts, supportive policies, and accessible sports facilities are necessary to encourage regular participation in physical activity. When exercise becomes part of community culture, individuals are more likely to engage in physical activity voluntarily and consistently, resulting in better health outcomes and social development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alvin Fahlevi Panjaitan, Paskalis Waruwu, Jack Chris Saro Hia, Bernatdinus Rahmat Telaumbanua, Putra Arima, Yan Indra Siregar, Jan Revian Sidabalok, Tri Yuyanti Sianturi, Baharudin Baharudin, Michael Agustino Siagian, Delima Lena Padang, Yedidiya Zega (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Profile of Sixth-Semester University Students: Evidence from the Bleep Test
Overview: Cardiorespiratory fitness is an important component of physical fitness that supports students’ academic performance, productivity, and overall health. One of the most widely used indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness is maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ Max). However, modern sedentary lifestyles and increasing academic demands may negatively affect students’ aerobic capacity. Method: This study aimed to analyze the VO₂ Max levels of sixth-semester students using the Bleep Test (Multistage Fitness Test). A quantitative descriptive research design was employed. The sample consisted of 20 sixth-semester students selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Bleep Test and analyzed through descriptive statistics, including mean, minimum value, maximum value, standard deviation, and percentage distribution of VO₂ Max categories using SPSS version 25. Result: The results showed that the average VO₂ Max value of the students was 38.01 ml/kg/min, with a minimum value of 31.2 ml/kg/min and a maximum value of 43.1 ml/kg/min. The standard deviation was 3.07, indicating relatively homogeneous data distribution. Based on the VO₂ Max classification, 50% of students were categorized as very poor, 40% as poor, and only 10% as moderate. No students were classified in the good or very good categories. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the cardiorespiratory fitness level of sixth-semester students remains generally low. Most students demonstrated poor to very poor aerobic capacity, suggesting the need for regular physical activity and structured fitness programs to improve VO₂ Max and overall physical fitness among university students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noviola Sari Kusuma Sagala, Rida Wahyuni, Claudia Caroline Zefanya Hasibuan, Aisyah Harahap, Mesnan Mesnan, Mawardinur Mawardinur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Testing and Measurement in Physical Education: Supporting Educational Quality and Student Development
Objective: This study aims to examine the role and usefulness of testing and measurement in physical education, particularly in supporting learning evaluation, instructional planning, student development, and evidence-based educational decision-making. Method: This study employed a literature review approach. Data were collected from national and international journal articles, academic books, educational policy documents, and other scientific publications related to testing and measurement in physical education. The selected literature was analyzed through thematic classification, content analysis, and synthesis of findings. Results: The review revealed that testing and measurement play significant roles in identifying students’ initial abilities, monitoring learning progress, evaluating learning outcomes, enhancing motivation, and supporting instructional program development. The findings also indicate that valid and reliable measurement instruments contribute to more objective and accurate assessments of students’ physical fitness, motor skills, and overall development. However, challenges remain, including limited facilities, inadequate teacher competencies in data analysis, and inconsistencies in instrument quality. Conclusion: Testing and measurement are essential components of physical education that support educational quality and student development through objective and evidence-based assessment practices. Strengthening teachers’ assessment competencies and integrating digital technologies into measurement processes are necessary to maximize their effectiveness and contribute to continuous improvements in physical education learning outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Robin Pasaribu, Mawardinur Mawardinur, Robert Mendrofa, Michael Manalu, Ganda Sitanggang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Work Stress and Time Management on Career Adaptability among Working Students
Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of work stress and time management on the career adaptability of working students. Method: This study employed a quantitative approach with a causal associative design. The sample consisted of 100 working students selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using Likert-scale questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with the assistance of SPSS version 26. Instrument validity, reliability, and classical assumption tests were conducted prior to hypothesis testing. Results: The findings revealed that work stress had a negative and significant effect on career adaptability (β = -0.421; p < 0.05), indicating that increased work stress reduced students’ career adaptability. Conversely, time management had a positive and significant effect on career adaptability (β = 0.587; p < 0.05), suggesting that effective time management enhanced students’ ability to adapt to career challenges. Simultaneously, work stress and time management significantly influenced career adaptability (F = 36.824; p < 0.05). The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.532) showed that both variables explained 53.2% of the variance in career adaptability. Conclusion: Work stress and time management are important factors influencing the career adaptability of working students. Reducing work stress and improving time management skills can enhance students’ readiness to face career transitions and future workplace challenges.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rifka Dahlia Manullang, Rina Rina (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Seating Arrangement Variations and Student Engagement in Elementary Education: A Systematic Literature Review
Background: This study investigates the impact of seating arrangement variations on student engagement within the elementary education context. While traditional layouts have long been the norm, there is a growing need to understand how spatial configurations can foster a more active learning environment. This research aims to synthesize existing evidence to determine how different classroom setups influence student participation and interaction. Methods: A qualitative approach using a library research method was employed. The study synthesized 15 relevant national scientific articles published between 2021 and 2026. Data were harvested from academic databases, including Google Scholar, with a specific focus on classroom management and learning environments. The selection process followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol, while the data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify patterns and core findings across the literature. Results: The findings indicate that flexible seating arrangements—such as small-group clusters, U-shaped, and circular formations—significantly outperform conventional row seating in fostering student engagement. These layouts enhance classroom interaction, encourage active discussion, and facilitate peer collaboration. Results suggest that a flexible physical environment creates a more dynamic and interactive atmosphere, which is essential for young learners. Conclusion: The study concludes that while flexible arrangements offer substantial benefits, their effectiveness is moderated by learning objectives, student characteristics, and the teacher's classroom management proficiency. Therefore, seating variations should not be static; they must be implemented in a planned, flexible, and contextual manner. Optimizing student engagement in elementary classrooms requires a strategic alignment between the physical layout and the specific pedagogical goals of the lesson.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maya Alemina Ketaren, Paskah Valerius Sagala, Regina Yolanda Naibaho, Sry Nurliani Br Tarigan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Digital Literacy as the Key to Employment Readiness in the Era of Digital Transformation: A Study of Learners at the Al-Ikhram Community Learning Center
Background: The rapid development of digital technology has transformed the competency requirements in the workplace, which now demand not only technical skills but also strong digital literacy. In the context of non-formal education, learners at Community Learning Centers (PKBM) still face various challenges in adapting to these demands due to limited digital competencies. Therefore, digital literacy is a critical factor in enhancing work readiness in the era of digital transformation. Method: This study employed a quantitative approach using a survey method. The research was conducted at PKBM Al-Ikhram, involving 25 students selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire that measured digital literacy and work readiness. Data analysis was performed using simple linear regression to determine the effect of digital literacy on work readiness. Results: The results of the study indicate that students’ digital literacy levels fall into the “fairly good” category, while their work readiness falls into the “fairly prepared” category. The results of the regression analysis show that digital literacy has a significant effect on work readiness, with a p-value of 0.046 (< 0.05). This indicates that the higher the level of digital literacy, the higher the students’ work readiness. Conclusion: Digital literacy plays a significant role in enhancing students’ employability in the era of digital transformation. Therefore, the development of digital literacy—both in technical and cognitive aspects—needs to be more comprehensively integrated into non-formal education programs to enhance students’ competitiveness in the workforce.
Copyright (c) 2026 Serasi Zendrato, Intan Yudha Prastika, Alfyiona Br Ginting, Vena Febiola Risdianto, Muhammad Saban, Dhea Putri Cindriani, Sitti Subaedah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
The Role of Interactive Visual Media in Improving English Language Understanding in Elementary School Students
Background: English plays a crucial role as a global language and is introduced at the elementary school level to build foundational language skills. However, young learners often face difficulties in understanding English due to its abstract nature and their cognitive characteristics, which favor concrete and visual learning. In response, interactive visual media has emerged as an innovative approach that integrates images, animation, audio, and interactivity to enhance students’ comprehension and engagement. Despite numerous studies on this topic, a comprehensive synthesis is needed to understand the overall role and effectiveness of such media in elementary English learning. Method: This study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with a descriptive qualitative approach. Relevant articles published within the last five years (2021–2025) were systematically collected from scientific journals using specific inclusion criteria. The selected studies were analyzed to identify patterns, trends, and key findings related to the use of interactive visual media in elementary school English learning. Results: The findings indicate a significant shift from conventional visual media to digital interactive media, such as animated videos and multimedia applications. Interactive visual media has been consistently shown to improve students’ vocabulary acquisition, comprehension of simple sentences, and understanding of English instructions. Additionally, the use of such media enhances student engagement, including attention, enthusiasm, and active participation. The combination of visual and auditory elements supports dual processing, making learning more effective and meaningful. However, challenges such as limited technological facilities, insufficient teacher competence, and time constraints remain barriers to optimal implementation. Conclusion: Interactive visual media plays a vital role in improving English language understanding among elementary school students by bridging abstract language concepts with concrete representations. It not only enhances cognitive learning outcomes but also increases student engagement. Therefore, integrating interactive visual media into English instruction is highly recommended, supported by adequate infrastructure, teacher training, and effective instructional planning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tiarnita Maria Sarjani Br. Siregar, Nadya Tesalonika Simbolon, Rahmayani Rahmayani, Ernita Pasaribu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Visual Media in English Language Learning in Primary Schools: A Literature Review
Background: English learning in elementary school plays an important role in preparing students to face the demands of globalization, where English serves as an international language for communication and access to knowledge. However, the learning process at this level still faces several challenges, particularly in delivering abstract materials that are not aligned with students’ cognitive development. Elementary students are at the concrete operational stage, which means they understand better through visual and contextual experiences rather than abstract explanations. Therefore, appropriate learning strategies are needed to support their understanding. Visual media such as pictures, flashcards, and videos can provide concrete representations of language concepts. These media are considered effective in enhancing students’ comprehension, motivation, and engagement in learning activities. Hence, the use of visual media becomes an important aspect to be explored in improving English learning outcomes. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the role of visual media, including pictures, flashcards, and videos, in improving students’ comprehension, motivation, participation, and learning outcomes in English learning at the elementary school level Methods: This research employs a literature review method by analyzing 20 relevant academic journal articles published within the last five years. The data were collected from Google Scholar and other reputable academic databases. Results: The findings indicate that visual media significantly improve students’ vocabulary mastery, listening skills, motivation, and classroom participation. Visual representation helps students understand abstract concepts more easily and retain information for a longer period. Conclusions: Visual media are an effective instructional strategy in teaching English at the elementary school level. Although there are some challenges in implementation, such as limited facilities and teacher competence, these can be addressed through proper planning and training.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tiarnita Maria Sarjani Br. Siregar, Putri Adhelia Br Damanik, Amir Mahmud Hasibuan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Influence of Customer Perceptions Regarding the Deposit Insurance Corporation (LPS) and Service Quality on Gen Z's Interest in Saving at Conventional Banks
Background: The banking industry is an integral part of the growth and development of the Indonesian economy. The monetary and banking crises that occurred in Indonesia resulted in a decline in public trust in the banking system. To address the crisis, the government issued several policies, including guarantees for all bank payment obligations, including public deposits, embodied in the Deposit Insurance Corporation (LPS), an independent institution that functions to guarantee customer deposits and actively participates in maintaining the stability of the banking system in accordance with its authority. Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Deposit Insurance Corporation (LPS) is a legal entity and institution that is independent, transparent, and accountable in carrying out its duties and authorities. The existence of this institution can certainly foster a sense of trust and security in the community to save. Where the public's decision to save will be determined by the public's perception of the Deposit Insurance Corporation (LPS) itself and the quality of service from a conventional bank. Objectives: Therefore, this study aims to determine whether: (1) Customer perceptions regarding the Deposit Insurance Corporation (LPS) influence Gen Z's interest in saving at conventional banks; (2) Service quality influences Gen Z's interest in saving at conventional banks. Methods: This research is a Comparative causal research with a quantitative approach. The population in this study were Gen Z customers who deposit funds in conventional banks. The sample size in this study was 80. The data collection method used a questionnaire. Instrument trials used validity and reliability tests. Analysis prerequisite tests used normality and linearity tests. Classical assumption tests used multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity tests. Data analysis techniques used simple regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: 1. There is a significant positive influence of Customer Perceptions of the Deposit Insurance Corporation (LPS) on Gen Z's Savings Interest in Conventional Banks. 2. There is a significant positive influence of Service Quality on Gen Z's Savings Interest in Conventional Banks. Conclusions: The variable with the highest influence is customer perceptions of the Deposit Insurance Corporation (LPS). Therefore, the introduction and socialization of the Deposit Insurance Corporation should be continuously improved so that customers are more aware of the roles of the Deposit Insurance Corporation (LPS) and its benefits for them. This can increase customer savings interest.
Copyright (c) 2026 Simpati Mellyginta Sinuhaji, Mayhana Bilqis Rangkuti, Ibnu Austrindanney Sina Azhar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Legal Discovery and Relationship in the Context of Settlement of Civil Intellectual Property Rights Cases in the Medan District Court
Background: Legal discovery and reasoning are core processes that determine the accuracy and fairness of law application in court. Although these two concepts have been central to legal theory, their application in the context of civil intellectual property (IPR) cases in the Medan District Court still faces various challenges. Objectives: This paper aims to examine the theoretical concepts of legal discovery and reasoning, describe the process of their application in Medan District Court decisions, and identify the challenges faced by judges. Methods: This research uses a qualitative method with a literature review approach and content analysis of court decisions. Data were collected from legal textbooks, scientific journals, and 35 Medan District Court decisions in 2023-2024 regarding IPR cases (trademarks, copyrights, and patents). Results: The results of the study indicate that: (1) legal discovery in Medan involves searching for written legal sources (the 2014 Intellectual Property Law, the Civil Code), unwritten (the legal principles of "justice" and "conformity to the needs of society"), and decisions of the North Sumatra High Court as persuasive guides; (2) the most frequently used methods of reasoning are teleological (65%) and systemic (25%) reasoning, accompanied by literal reasoning (10%) in cases with clear rules; (3) major challenges include unclear rules on proving trademark similarity, lack of access to an integrated database of IPR decisions, and judges' lack of understanding of modern IPR issues such as digital content. Conclusions: This study concludes that it is necessary to improve the capacity of judges in the discovery and reasoning of IPR law and refine legal sources to improve the quality of decisions at the Medan District Court.
Copyright (c) 2026 Medi Islamta Sembiring, Abdul Rahman Maulana Siregar, Meina Alvionita Br. Purba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Normative Analysis of The Asahan District's Legal Discovery in Terminating Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice in Cases of Theft and Grabbing
Background: The application of restorative justice in the criminal justice system demonstrates a paradigm shift in law enforcement from a repressive approach to one oriented toward restoration and justice. In this paper, the Asahan District Attorney's Office has a role through its authority to terminate prosecutions based on restorative justice, particularly in cases of theft and receiving stolen goods. However, the practice of terminating prosecutions does not always have detailed normative regulations in legislation, thus requiring legal discovery by prosecutors. Objectives: This study aims to normatively analyze the concept of legal discovery carried out by the District Attorney's Office in terminating prosecutions based on restorative justice, particularly in cases of theft and receiving stolen goods. Methods: The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory, conceptual, and case-based approach. The legal materials analyzed include legislation, legal doctrine, and cases. Results: The research findings indicate that legal discovery by prosecutors is a form of legal interpretation and construction aimed at bridging the principle of legality with the demands of justice that exist in society. Termination of prosecution based on restorative justice in cases of theft and receiving stolen goods can be normatively justified as long as it is carried out selectively, proportionally, and transparently. Conclusions: This study concludes that legal discovery by the District Attorney's Office plays a role in strengthening restorative justice, but still requires regulations to ensure legal certainty and uniform application in law enforcement practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Clara Hotmaida Siregar, Abdul Rahman Maulana Siregar, Erlina Damanik, Sakramen Sembiring (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0